We also observed differences for black, which is associated with more negative emotions and of higher intensity when presented as a term than a patch. We report high similarity in the pattern of associations of specific emotion concepts with terms and patches ( r = .82), for all colours except purple ( r = .−23). Participants associated 20 emotion concepts, loading on valence, arousal, and power dimensions, with 12 colours presented as patches ( n = 54) or terms ( n = 78). In this between-subjects study, we tested whether emotion associations with colour differ between terms and patches. When using terms, researchers have much less control over the colour participants think of. When using patches, researchers put great effort into colour presentation. However, scientific studies test colour–emotion relationships by presenting colours as patches or terms. Popular opinion assumes that perception of colour is crucial to influence emotions. For many, colours convey affective meaning.
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